| Cladistics is a particular method
of hypothesizing relationships among organisms. Like other methods, it has
its own set of assumptions, procedures, and limitations. Cladistics is now
accepted as the best method available for phylogenetic analysis, for it
provides an explicit and testable hypothesis of organismal relationships.
The basic idea behind cladistics is that members of a group share a common evolutionary history, and are "closely related", more so to members of the same group than to other organisms. These groups are recognized by sharing unique features which were not present in distant ancestors. |
| DNA sequenching and mapping is a technology where the characteristics in the genetic information (DNA) (preferably small genomes in chloroplasts such as the subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rbcL) ) of the plants, is used to establish phylogeny and classification on for example generic level (Bohs et al.Solanum phylogeny inferred from chloroplast DNA sequence data) and on species level ( R.G. Olmstead et al. Phylogeny and Provisional Classification of the Solanaceae based on Chloroplast DNA). Both in Solanaceae IV Advances in Biology and Utilization Editors M.Nee, D.E.Symon, R.N. Lester and J.P.Jessop. Kew Botanical Garden, 1999 ). |
R.G. Olmstead et. al 1999. (In: M. Nee, D.E.Symon, R.N.Lester & J.P. Jessop (editors) Solanaceae IV, pp. 111-137, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew) proposes a provisional classification of the plant family Solanaceae based on chloroplast DNA. This provisional clasification is given below.
SOLANACEAE Juss. (1789)
| Subfamily | Tribe | Subtribe | Genus |
| Cestroideae Schltdl. (1832) | |||
| Browallieae Hunz. (1995) | |||
| Browallia L. (1754). | |||
| Streptosolen Miers (1850) | |||
| Cestreae G. Don (1838) | |||
| Cestrum L.(1753) | |||
| Metternichia Mik.(1823) e | |||
| Sessea Ruiz. et Pav. (1794) | |||
| Vestia Willd. (1809) | |||
| Salpiglossideae (Benth.) Hunz. | |||
| Reyesia Gay (1840) | |||
| Salpiglossis Ruiz. et Pav. (1794) | |||
| Goetzeoideae | |||
| Coeloneurum Radlk.c (1890) | |||
| Espadaea A. Richardc (1850) | |||
| Goetzea Wydlerc (1830) | |||
| Henoonia Griseb. c(1866) | |||
| Petunioideae | |||
| Benthamiella Speg. (1883) | |||
| Bouchetia Dunal (1852) | |||
| Brunfelsia L. (1753) | |||
| Calibrachoa La Llave and Lex. | |||
| Combera Sandw. (1936) | |||
| Fabiana Ruiz et. Pav. (1794) | |||
| Hunzikeria D' Arcy (1976) | |||
| Latua ? Phil. (1858)d | |||
| Leptoglossis Benth. (1845) | |||
| Nierembergia Ruiz et Pav. (1794) | |||
| Pantacantha Speg. (1902) | |||
| Petunia Jussieu (1803) | |||
| Plowmania Hunz. et Subils (1986) | |||
| Schizanthoideae (Miers) Hunz. (2000) | |||
| Schizanthus Ruiz. et Pav. (1794) | |||
| Schwenckioideae | |||
| Heteranthia ?Nees et. Mart. (1823) | |||
| Melananthus Walp. (1850) | |||
| Protoschwenckia Soler. (1898)a | |||
| Schwenckia L. (1764) | |||
| Nicotianoideae Miers (1848) | |||
| Anthocercideae G.Don (1838) | |||
| Anthocercis Labill. (1806) | |||
| Anthotroche Endl. (1839) | |||
| Crenidium Haegi (1981) | |||
| Cyphanthera Miers (1853) | |||
| Duboisia R. Br. (1810) | |||
| Gramnosolen Haegi (1981) | |||
| Symonanthus Heagi (1981) | |||
| Nicotianeae Dumaort (1827) | |||
| Nicotiana L.(1754) | |||
| Solanoideae Schltdl. (1832) | |||
| Capsiceae Dumort (1827) | |||
| Capsicum L. (1753) | |||
| Lycianthus (Dunal) Hassler (1917) | |||
| Datureae G. Don (1838) | |||
| Brugmansia Persoon (1805) | |||
| Datura L.(1753) | |||
| Methysticodendron Schult. (1955)(= Brugmansia) | |||
| Hyoscyameae Endl. (1839) | |||
| Anisodus Link (1825) | |||
| Atropa L. (1753) | |||
| Atropanthe Pascher (1909) | |||
| Hyoscyamus L. (1753) | |||
| Physochlaina G. Don (1838) | |||
| Przewalskia Maxim. (1881) | |||
| Scopolia Jacq. (1764) | |||
| Jaboroseae Miers (1849) | |||
| Jaborosa Juss. (1789) | |||
| Solandreae Miers (1849) | |||
| Juanulloinae | |||
| Dyssochroma Miers (1849) | |||
| Ectozoma Miers (1849) | |||
| Hawkesiophyton Hunz. (1977) | |||
| Juanulloa Ruiz et Pav. (1794) | |||
| Markea Rich.(1792). | |||
| Merinthopodium J. Donn. Sm. (1897) | |||
| Rahowardiana D' Arcy (1973) | |||
| Schultesianthus Hunz. (1977). | |||
| Trianaea Planch. et Linden (1853) | |||
| Solandrinae (1840) | |||
| Solandra Sw. (1787) | |||
| Lycieae Hunz. (1977). | |||
| Grabowskia Schltdl. (1832) | |||
| Lycium L. (1753) | |||
| Phrodus Miers (1849) | |||
| Mandragoreae (Wettst.) Hunz. et Barboza (1995) | |||
| Mandragora L. (1753) | |||
| Nicandreae Wettst. (1891) | |||
| Exodeconus Raf. (1838) | |||
| Nicandra Adans (1763) | |||
| Nolaneae Rchb. (1837) | |||
| Alona Lindl. (1844) | |||
| Nolana L. (1762) | |||
| Physaleae Miers (1849) | |||
| Iochrominae (Miers) Hunz. | |||
| Acnistus Schott (1829) | |||
| Dunalia Kunth. (1818) | |||
| Iochroma Benth. (1845). | |||
| Saracha Ruiz et Pav. (1794) | |||
| Vassobia Rusby (1927) | |||
| Physalinae (Miers) Hunz. (2000) | |||
| Brachistus Miers (1849) | |||
| Chamaesaracha (A.Gray) Benth. et Hook. (1896) | |||
| Leucophysalis Rydberg (1896) | |||
| Magaranthus Schlecht. (1830) | |||
| Oryctes S. Watson (1871) | |||
| Quincula Raf. (1832) | |||
| Physalis L. (1753) | |||
| Witheringia L' Heritier (1788) | |||
| Salpichroinae | |||
| Nectouxia Kunth. (1818) | |||
| Salpichroa Miers (1845) | |||
| Withaninae | |||
| Archiphysalis Kuang (1966) | |||
| Athenaea Sendtn. (1846) | |||
| Aureliana Sendt. (1846) | |||
| Cuatresia Hunz. (1977) | |||
| Deprea ? Raf. (1838) | |||
| Larnax ? Miers (1849) (=Deprea) | |||
| Melissia Hook. f. (1867) | |||
| Physalisastrum Makino (1914) | |||
| Tubocapsicum (Wettst.) Makino (1908) | |||
| Withania Pauq.(1825) | |||
| Solaneae (1852) | |||
| Cyphomandra Sendtn. (1845) | |||
| Discopodium Hochst. (1844) | |||
| Jaltomata Schltdl. (1838) | |||
| Lycopersicon Miller (1754) | |||
| Normania Lowe (1872) | |||
| Nothocestrum ? A. Gray (1866) | |||
| Solanum L.(1753) | |||
| Triguera Cav. (1786) | |||
| Incertae sedis or Doubtful genera | |||
| Duckeodendron Kuhlmannb (1925) | |||
| Parabouchetia Baillon (1888) | |||
| Pauia Deb. & Dutta (1965) | |||
| Tsoala Bosser & D'Arcy (1992) | |||
| Missing | |||
| Darcyanthus Hunz. (2000)f | |||
| Eriolaryx (Hunz.) Hunz.(2000)g | |||
| a may be more closely related to members of Cestrum and Browallia clades S. Knapp. 2002. Journal of Experimental Botany, vol 53, No 377, p2007 | |||
| b excluded from Solanaceae by D'Arcy and A.T.Hunziker, considered as incertae sedis or doubtful genus by Olmstead but considered as a clade within Solanaceae by S. Knapp in S. Knapp. 2002. Journal of Experimental Botany, vol 53, No 377, p2007 | |||
| c excluded (needs revision from morphological point of view) by A.T. Hunziker inlcuded by Olmstead and as a clade within Solanaceae by S. Knapp in S. Knapp. 2002. Journal of Experimental Botany, vol 53, No 377, p2007 | |||
| d S. Knapp in S. Knapp. 2002. Journal of Experimental Botany, vol 53, No 377, p2007 excludes Latua as a genus in the Patunai clade since she is extremely doubtfull of its inclusion pased on flower morphology and chemistry. | |||
| e Metternichia may be related to Duckeodendron and members of the Goetzea clade.S. Knapp in S. Knapp. 2002. Journal of Experimental Botany, vol 53, No 377, p2007 | |||
| f Darcyanthus Hunz. (2000) was previously considered a speices of Physalis (P. spruceana Hunz.). It is not included in the classification by Olmstead but included by S. Knapp (in S. Knapp. 2002. Journal of Experimental Botany, vol 53, No 377, p2007) in the Withania clade. A.T. Hunziker in ref. ........ includes Darcyanthus Hunz. in the Tribe Solanaeae Miers, subtribe Capsicinae Yamazaki (1993). | |||
| gEriolaryx (Hunz.) Hunz.(2000) was previously part of Vassobia section Eriolaryx Hunz. | |||
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